Was the Tylenol Killer ever found?
CAMBRIDGE, Mass. (AP) — The suspect in the 1982 Tylenol poisonings that killed seven people in the Chicago area and triggered a nationwide scare has died, police confirmed on Monday.
Lewis, 76, was found dead last month in his Cambridge, Massachusetts home near Boston, according to investigators who have been attempting to finally solve the case for decades. He was convicted of attempting to extort $1 million from Tylenol maker Johnson and Johnson in 1982, and was sentenced to federal prison.
The suspect in the 1982 Tylenol poisonings that killed seven people in the Chicago area, triggered a nationwide panic, and led to an overhaul in the safety of over-the-counter medication packaging, has died, police said on Monday.
The Investigation. Stanley Janus' death was at first determined to be a heart attack. After the other two deaths in his house, however, officials suspected carbon monoxide poisoning.
In the fall of 1982, eight bottles of Tylenol in the Chicago area were found to be tainted with potassium cyanide. Five of those bottles caused seven fatalities, and testing identified three other poisoned bottles that were turned in to authorities or discovered on pharmacy shelves.
The prime suspect, James Lewis, died Sunday at age 76. MARY LOUISE KELLY, HOST: In the fall of 1982, a panic gripped Chicago. UNIDENTIFIED REPORTER #1: Medical officials in Chicago say some capsules of the pain reliever Extra Strength Tylenol have been laced with the deadly poison cyanide.
James W. Lewis, the prime suspect in the deaths of seven people in 1982 from cyanide-laced Tylenol — a poisoning that terrified the nation and changed the way manufacturers packaged medications — died on Sunday in Cambridge, Mass. He was 76.
The sole suspect investigators believed was responsible for the 1982 Tylenol murders in Chicago has died, police said Monday. James Lewis, 76, who was never charged in the seven murders, was the only person law enforcement targeted as a suspect for more than 40 years.
Three others in the Chicago area died, too, and fear gripped the country about who and how someone could have tampered with the pills. As a result of the seven deaths in a three-day period, Tylenol pulled every bottle of Tylenol medicine off store shelves nationwide, recalling 31 million bottles of Tylenol capsules.
In a span of three days beginning Sept. 29, 1982, seven people — including a 12-year-old girl — who took cyanide-laced Tylenol in the Chicago area died, triggering a nationwide recall of the product. The poisonings led to the adoption of tamperproof packaging for over-the-counter medications.
How did cyanide get in Tylenol?
Investigators and toxicologists quickly identified the culprit: tampered capsules of Extra-Strength Tylenol. Someone had opened the capsules and replaced the pain-relieving medicine with deadly doses of potassium cyanide. One of the most common over-the-counter pain relievers had been turned into a murder weapon.
It even issued national warnings urging the public not to take Tylenol and established a hotline for worried customers to call. Tylenol relatively quickly reestablished its brand, recovering the entire market share it lost during the cyanide scare.
A famous and unsolved case involving cyanide poisoning is that of the Tylenol murders. The murders began in Chicago in 1982 when 12 year old Mary Kellerman was given a painkiller by her parents. The child woke from her sleep complaining of a cold and died a few hours later.
The response by Johnson & Johnson became a model for crisis management. Johnson & Johnson's approach was successful in that it was later able to re-release Tylenol® capsules in triple-sealed containers, now a pharmaceutical industry standard. Eventually, two-piece capsules were replaced with solid caplets.
Large doses of cyanide prevent cells from using oxygen and eventually these cells die. The heart, respiratory system and central nervous system are most susceptible to cyanide poisoning.
Cyanide poisons the mitochondrial electron transport chain within cells and renders the body unable to derive energy (adenosine triphosphate—ATP) from oxygen. 4 Specifically, it binds to the a3 portion (complex IV) of cytochrome oxidase and prevents cells from using oxygen, causing rapid death.
Johnson & Johnson used the media to issue a national alert to tell the public not to use the Tylenol product. In the first week of the crisis Johnson & Johnson established a 1-800 hot line for consumers to call.
Cyanide ingestion interrupts cellular respiration process which occurs in mitochondria. Cyanide poisoning occurs because the cells of an organism are unable to create ATP (providing energy for respiration), primarily through the inhibition of the mitochondrial enzyme.
Natural substances in some foods such as lima beans, almonds can release cyanide. Cyanide is also found in manufacturing and industrial sources such as insecticides, photographic solutions, plastics manufacturing, and jewelry cleaner. It has been used as a poison in mass homicides and suicides.
A researcher investigating a treatment for intestinal worms asked for a product to study, but was given the wrong chemical instead—acetanilide—that had no effect on worms. It did, though, lower fever. Acetanilide has side effects, though, and acetaminophen was derived from it to be a safer alternative.
What does potassium cyanide do to a person?
Potassium cyanide releases hydrogen cyanide gas, a highly toxic chemical asphyxiant that interferes with the body's ability to use oxygen. Exposure to potassium cyanide can be rapidly fatal.
Paracetamol can be used to alleviate mild pain in rodents and can be administered to rodents if stronger analgesics are not appropriate. This can be administered in the drinking water. Paediatric preparations are suitable (Tylenol 1-2mg/ml in drinking water).
Robert Lincoln McNeil Jr.
(July 13, 1915 – May 20, 2010) was an American chemist and pharmaceutical industry executive. He was responsible for, among other things, the commercial development, naming, and introduction of the pain reliever Tylenol.
In summary: Use NSAIDs like Advil or Aleve for chronic pain, pain from an injury or surgery, or other inflammatory pain like arthritis. Use Tylenol for mild pain like headache or to reduce fever.
No suspect has been charged or convicted of the poisonings, but New York City resident James William Lewis was convicted of extortion for sending a letter to Tylenol's manufacturer, Johnson & Johnson, that took responsibility for the deaths and demanded $1 million to stop them.
References
- https://www.hss.edu/article_difference-between-tylenol-advil-aleve.asp
- https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=58b802cb-2443-4f5b-9718-7d54c6d50cb4
- https://www.chicagotribune.com/data/ct-tylenol-murders-posioned-bottles-20220922-7ngevnl4s5gx3dvoucsftnnzp4-htmlstory.html
- https://www.healthinaging.org/sites/default/files/media/pdf/HIA-TipSheet-10%20Meds-Avoid19_0.pdf
- https://www.mercycare.org/healthy-living/health-education/tylenol--advil--when-to-use-which/
- https://www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/james-lewis-suspect-in-the-1982-tylenol-murders-dies-at-76
- https://www.webmd.com/pain-management/difference-acetaminophen-ibuprofen
- https://www.drugs.com/imprints/44-438-15897.html
- https://www.nhs.uk/medicines/ibuprofen-for-adults/who-can-and-cannot-take-ibuprofen/
- https://www.wellrx.com/news/what-s-in-a-name-brand-name-vs-generic/
- https://www.webmd.com/pain-management/prescription-medications-treatments-nerve-pain
- https://www.corboydemetrio.com/cases-tylenol-tampering-litigation
- https://www.kcra.com/article/this-day-in-history-cyanide-tylenol-chicago-mass-murder-1982/41429036
- https://www.aleve.com/frequently-asked-questions-dosage
- https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ershdb/emergencyresponsecard_29750037.html
- https://www.chicagotribune.com/investigations/ct-tylenol-murders-johnson-johnson-crisis-20221027-xvnlcglna5b5ti3i3ot57x4a5e-htmlstory.html
- https://www.drugs.com/imprints/44-344-18764.html
- https://www.wgbh.org/news/local/2023-07-10/suspect-in-1982-tylenol-murders-dies-at-cambridge-home
- https://time.com/3423136/tylenol-deaths-1982/
- https://apnews.com/article/tylenol-killings-chicago-suspect-death-af8a7b44d2f45cb438bd7caf8cdb171c
- https://www.healthline.com/health/pain-relief/aleve-naproxen-side-effects
- https://montrealgazette.com/opinion/columnists/the-right-chemistry-the-history-of-tylenol
- https://www.verywellhealth.com/what-is-extra-strength-tylenol-189127
- https://magazine.amstat.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/FirstPlace2019Project.pdf
- https://patient.info/treatment-medication/painkillers
- https://www.chiropractornewberlin.com/foods-to-avoid-with-neuropathy/
- https://drjeffsteinberg.com/how-do-neurologists-treat-nerve-pain/
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tylenol_(brand)
- https://sunshinebehavioralhealth.com/opioid/tramadol/what-does-tramadol-look-like/
- https://abc7chicago.com/james-lewis-tylenol-murders-killer-cause-of-death-chicago/13598220/
- https://www.verywellhealth.com/types-of-tylenol-and-dosage-189128
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_paracetamol_brand_names
- https://www.fda.gov/drugs/frequently-asked-questions-popular-topics/generic-drugs-questions-answers
- https://nmortho.com/when-to-use-heat-versus-ice-for-pain/
- https://austinpaindoctor.com/can-i-take-tylenol-and-ibuprofen-every-day-for-my-pain
- https://abbott.mediaroom.com/2023-01-26-FDA-Approves-Abbotts-Spinal-Cord-Stimulation-for-People-Living-with-Painful-Diabetic-Peripheral-Neuropathy
- https://www.npr.org/2023/07/10/1186906874/james-lewis-suspect-tylenol-poisonings-dies
- https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/lookup.cfm?setid=b7ea5b95-297d-4df6-9480-62c83ba33fb0
- https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/lookup.cfm?setid=8e0adf3d-7569-4909-bab1-5fed9578ad77
- https://betterhealthwhileaging.net/safest-otc-painkiller-aging-risks-of-nsaids/
- https://www.nivahealth.com/2021/10/08/7-foods-that-help-fight-neuropathy/
- https://www.huffpost.com/entry/tylenol-murders-changed-medication_n_64c82be7e4b024f8ebca9a8a
- https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/james-lewis-prime-suspect-unsolved-1982-tylenol-murders-case-dies-76-rcna93459
- https://www.goodrx.com/conditions/pain/the-5-most-popular-over-the-counter-pain-relievers
- https://www.walgreens.com/store/c/walgreens-extra-strength-pain-relief-tablets,-acetaminophen-500-mg/ID=300432975-product
- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK544987/
- https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/lookup.cfm?setid=61fb5ba7-6896-4ee4-83de-caee69b06a8e
- https://www.verywellhealth.com/best-anti-inflammatory-medication-2548734
- https://www.dolmanlaw.com/blog/settlements-for-tylenol-autism-lawsuits/
- https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/3415/smpc
- https://www.acellortho.com/blog/when-chronic-pain-becomes-too-much
- https://www.dvcstem.com/post/what-is-the-latest-treatment-for-neuropathy
- https://www.wsj.com/us-news/law/lawsuits-seek-to-link-tylenol-ingredient-to-autism-adhd-f6ff5c13
- https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/10/us/james-lewis-tylenol-poisonings-dead.html
- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5541246/
- https://www.drugs.com/imprints/44-473-19423.html
- https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/trigeminal-neuralgia/symptoms-causes/syc-20353344
- https://www.pbs.org/newshour/health/tylenol-murders-1982
- https://www.nhs.uk/live-well/pain/ways-to-manage-chronic-pain/
- https://www.npr.org/2023/07/11/1187077380/main-suspect-in-the-1982-chicago-tylenol-murders-dies
- https://www.svhm.org.au/articledocuments/1938/aec-clinical-sop-42-analgesia-in-rats.pdf.aspx?overrideexpiry=y
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Walmart_brands
- https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2023/07/10/1982-tylenol-poisonings-suspect-james-lewis-dead/70400266007/
- https://www.lawsuit-information-center.com/tylenol-autism-lawsuit.html
- https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/researchers-develop-eco-friendly-method-synthesizing-tylenol-plants-180972582/
- https://www.bentonintegrative.com/post/natural-alternatives-to-tylenol
- https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/ibuprofen
- https://www.verywellhealth.com/tylenol-arthritis-ingredients-5092542
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_L._McNeil_Jr.
- https://www.scripps.org/news_items/4783-how-to-choose-over-the-counter-pain-medicine
- https://www.iowaclinic.com/primary-care/acetaminophen-vs-ibuprofen-naproxen-which-pill-is-right-for-your-ills/
- https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/002123.htm
- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537060/
- https://www.medmo.com/what-does-a-pinched-nerve-look-like-on-an-mri/
- https://www.unitypoint.org/news-and-articles/acetaminophen-vs-ibuprofen-what-to-take-when
- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6235641/
- https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15833-neuropathic-pain
- https://www.history.com/news/extra-strength-tylenol-poisonings-1982
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Tylenol_murders
- https://www.ou.edu/deptcomm/dodjcc/groups/02C2/Johnson%20&%20Johnson.htm
- https://www.clearing.com/blog/post/dehydration-and-nerve-pain
- https://www.drugs.com/imprints/439-30629.html
- https://www.costco.com/kirkland-signature-extra-strength-acetaminophen-500-mg.%2C-1%2C000-caplets.product.100213623.html
- https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=cec41945-8d64-4793-8784-4c2b8ec37b0f
- https://vitalrecord.tamhsc.edu/advil-aleve-and-tylenol-whats-the-difference/
- https://centerforhealthsecurity.org/sites/default/files/2023-02/cyanide.pdf
- https://medicine.tufts.edu/news-events/news/how-does-acetaminophen-work
- https://www.silversneakers.com/blog/medications-older-adults-should-avoid/
- https://www.goodrx.com/health-topic/senior-health/risky-medications
- https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=21386aa1-dc51-41c9-8872-dec4c71ebb46
- https://www.medstarhealth.org/blog/nerve-pain-after-injury-surgery
- https://www.drugs.com/imprints/s553-25949.html
- https://www.painmanagespecialists.com/blog/3-things-you-can-do-at-home-to-help-a-pinched-nerve
- https://www.drugs.com/imprints/44-334-17466.html
- https://www.healthline.com/health/nerve-pain-medication
- https://www.fda.gov/drugs/postmarket-drug-safety-information-patients-and-providers/tramadol-information
- https://www.rxlist.com/acetaminophen/generic-drug.htm
- https://mooringsatlewes.org/news/what-is-the-safest-non-prescription-painkiller-for-long-term-use/
- https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=263d7146-791a-49a3-9886-7f4631ecf968
- https://www.drugs.com/medical-answers/is-acetaminophen-a-blood-thinner-14420/
- https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/5271/smpc
- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4566454/
- https://finance.yahoo.com/news/7-walmart-brand-items-just-150023408.html
- https://www.health.ny.gov/environmental/emergency/chemical_terrorism/cyanide_general.htm
- https://www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements/tramadol-and-acetaminophen-oral-route/description/drg-20062870
- https://www.verywellhealth.com/advil-and-aleve-whats-the-difference-2552183
- https://arthritis.ca/treatment/medication/medication-reference-guide/medications/acetaminophen
- https://www.nhs.uk/medicines/tramadol/about-tramadol/
- https://www.theguardian.com/science/2016/oct/03/do-branded-painkillers-work-better-than-cheaper-generic-ones-iboprofen-nurofen
- https://www.therecoveryvillage.com/tramadol-addiction/tramadol-vs-oxycodone/
- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK548162/
- https://publichealth.uic.edu/news-stories/people-politics-and-poison-the-tylenol-murders-revisited-forty-years-later/
- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507796/
- https://mdmercy.com/about-mercy/news-and-media/news/2017/november/okay-to-take-ibuprofen-regularly
- https://ethoshealthgroup.com/why-neuropathy-is-worse-on-some-days/
- https://www.drugs.com/medical-answers/acetaminophen-tylenol-3002135/
- https://www.healthline.com/health/neuropathic-pain
- https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2017/011522s043lbl.pdf
- https://khealth.com/learn/medication/gabapentin-alternatives/
- https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2013/01/07/168810473/why-didnt-your-doctor-prescribe-a-generic-look-in-the-mirror
- https://www.drugs.com/imprints/pliva-434-6109.html
- https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-health-products/drug-products/drug-shortages/information-consumers/supply-notices/acetaminophen-ibuprofen-cough-cold.html
- https://www.drugs.com/imprints/ig-447-29415.html
- https://www.maynoothuniversity.ie/research/spotlight-research/short-history-deadly-potions-and-poisons
- https://www.cbsnews.com/newyork/news/fda-aleve-safer-than-rival-pain-relievers/
- https://www.mayoclinic.org/chronic-pain-medication-decisions/art-20360371
- https://www.walmart.com/ip/Equate-Extra-Strength-Acetaminophen-Pain-Reliever-225ct/16935937
- https://www.coursehero.com/file/65917427/ChicagoCyanideMurders-AnswerKeypdf/
- https://www.healthline.com/health/nerve-pain-medication-over-the-counter
- https://www.wsh.nhs.uk/CMS-Documents/Patient-leaflets/PainService/5312-1Gabapentinanditsuseinpainmanagement.pdf